RESUMEN
We have analyzed BNT162b2 vaccine-induced immune responses in naive subjects and individuals recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), both soon after (14 days) and later after (almost 8 months) vaccination. Plasma spike (S)-specific immunoglobulins peak after one vaccine shot in individuals recovered from COVID-19, while a second dose is needed in naive subjects, although the latter group shows reduced levels all along the analyzed period. Despite how the neutralization capacity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mirrors this behavior early after vaccination, both groups show comparable neutralizing antibodies and S-specific B cell levels late post-vaccination. When studying cellular responses, naive individuals exhibit higher SARS-CoV-2-specific cytokine production, CD4+ T cell activation, and proliferation than do individuals recovered from COVID-19, with patent inverse correlations between humoral and cellular variables early post-vaccination. However, almost 8 months post-vaccination, SARS-CoV-2-specific responses are comparable between both groups. Our data indicate that a previous history of COVID-19 differentially determines the functional T and B cell-mediated responses to BNT162b2 vaccination over time.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna BNT162/inmunología , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/inmunología , Inmunidad Celular/inmunología , Inmunidad Humoral/inmunología , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas de ARNm/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Linfocitos B/virología , COVID-19/virología , Chlorocebus aethiops , Humanos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/virología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Vacunación/métodos , Células VeroAsunto(s)
COVID-19/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/sangre , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biomarcadores/sangre , COVID-19/sangre , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/patología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Comorbilidad , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/sangre , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/epidemiología , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/etiología , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/análisis , Masculino , Mortalidad , Admisión del Paciente , Pronóstico , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , España/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
We report the disparate clinical progression of a couple infected by SARS-CoV-2 based on their immune checkpoint (IC) levels and immune cell distribution in blood from admission to exitus in patient 1 and from admission to discharge and recovery in patient 2. A detailed clinical follow-up accompanied by a longitudinal analysis of immune phenotypes and IC levels is shown. The continuous increase in the soluble IC ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) and the increment in T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing 3 (TIM-3) protein in T cells in patient 1 suggests an activation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 axis and, subsequently, a potential cell exhaustion in this patient that did not occur in patient 2. Our data indicate that the Gal-9/TIM-3 axis could be a potential target in this clinical setting, along with a patent effector memory T-cell reduction.